Introduction
A packet holds things in real life; we can hold a bunch of objects, same time, by keeping all of them in a packet, which is made of either plastic or paper. In the same way, the term packet data or packets (a most popular term in networks terminology) in telecommunication category also holds a bunch of data bytes. These packets, which hold these bytes, travel from place to place while sending or receiving information.
Technically speaking, a packet is a chunk of data or unit of data sent across a network (Cable or Wireless). Packet-data runs on the packet-switched network, which is considered as superior and reliable when compared to the traditional circuit-switched network. You need to dial-in to send or receive information using circuit-switched networks, while packet switching eliminates dial-in. Packet switching uses radio spectrum when it is actually sending information, rather than keeping an open channel at all times (as is done in circuit switching).
Packet Data Concept
The concept of packets is something like this: the whole message has to be chunked into different packets of similar size and will be sent to the destination across network. All the packets are given a separate number and the destination address. These packets use different available routes and finally, reach the destiny, merge themselves again exactly in the same way to form the original message.
The History of Packet Data
· Actually in 1962-68, packet switching networks developed. This development laid a strong foundation for Internet, which relies on packets to transfer data. In 1969, Internet took birth and ARPANET was the first project, which publicly displayed this development.
· In 1970’s, the first packet network, AlohaNet, was developed at the University of Hawaii.
· ARPANET connected globally in 1973. The same year, Ethernet concept (defines how networks can be connected) outlined, Internet ideas started, Gateway architecture (defines how large networks can be connected together) sketched, and File Transfer Protocol (defines how computers send receive data) specified.
· The year 1974 brought a revolution in the secured data transfer process. This year, TCP (Transmission Control Program) specified; packet data communication is the basis for this TCP, which has been in wide-use throughout the world today! Same year, Telnet, a commercial version of ARPANET also started; this is the first public packet data service. Telnet is mainly used in inter-machine data transfer.
· In 1976, Nortel, a telecommunications MNC, introduced a X.25 data switch, representing the first standards-based commercial application of packet switching.
· Finally, in 1982, the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) is declared as the protocol suite for ARPANET.
Packets Journey through Network
Packets have become common mode of data carriers through packet switched networks these days! You use packets everywhere without knowing while you make a call, send an email, download a web page, etc.
Let us take an example of an email and see how packets help to carry your email data from one point to another. After you click the Send button of your email editor, the network, that is supposed to facilitate your mail to the destination, breaks your email message into parts of a defined size in bytes. These parts are nothing but what we call packets.
Each packet carries definite information of the following details so that it can reach its destination properly:
· sender's IP address,
· receiver's IP address,
· protocol
· packet number
· data
· data to show at the end of packet
· error correction
Once the packet has the preceding information with it, the network sends the packet toward its destination. The packet takes a certain route out of the available number of routes and travels on its own toward the destination irrespective of whether other packets are following the same route or not. That means, every packet reaches its destination on its own by taking a different route. Actually, this kind of traveling taking different routes toward the same destination helps the network to balance the load. The advantage is that even if one route encounters a problem with an equipment, the packets can be routed to alternative route very easily; this kind of mechanism also ensures the delivery of the entire message.
Different Types of Packet Data
Packet Data Service can be of two types.
1. Type 1 Packet Data Service provides packet data connections based on Internet and ISO (International Standardization Organization) standard protocol stacks
2. Type 2 Packet Data Service provides packet data connections based on CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) protocol stacks.
Advantages of Packet Data
1. Provides utmost security in transferring information
2. Since data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination, it is hard to eavesdrop on messages
3. Since more than one route available, if one route goes down another may be followed; due to this kind of data transferring strategy, packet-switched networks can withstand large scale destruction
Summary
In summary, packets are efficient way of information transferring units in terms of both security and speed. The results are there for all to see. For example: 3G, the next generation wireless technology, which will provide users with high-speed data transmissions (up to 2Mbps) and the ability to roam globally, uses packet switching.
Sunday, June 8, 2008
Sparta - The Education of the Boys
Introduction
Education in earlier Greek city-states is quite different. The main goal is to prepare a person to become a successful citizen in all states of life. Every Greek city-state has its own goal when it comes to training of its young citizens, according to the state needs, to transform him into a successful adult citizen useful both to the city-state in terms of emergency and to the society, where he stays with his family members.
Greek City-State’s Education System
Among all the educationally, culturally sophisticated city-states including Athens, Sparta, a military city-state, maintained its numero uno status. Because of this, Sparta became the connoisseur for all other city-states in training its young citizens. Being an authoritarian, military city-state, the education goal of Sparta is mainly to concentrate on producing soldier-citizens. Unlike Sparta, Athens, which is also a contemporary Greek city-state, was a democratic state and used to encourage its citizens to train in terms of both war and arts. Education in the form of arts was given more importance in Athens and the boys were taught how to read and write besides military war craft.
Spartan’s Main Goal
Since the main goal of Spartan boys was to build a good muscular body, learn to endure pain and suffering, get skilled in warfare, and learn not to bow down in front of even great enemy military force, they used to live a life of hardships to accustom themselves to the hardships of their soldier way of life.
The Training of a Spartan
Sparta state used to choose and grade its citizens for joining in its rigorous training and educational system. The grading of the Sparta boys starts at the time of their birth. The basic eligibility is to have a good body with all the parts of the body functioning properly. The boys of Sparta were supposed to join the public education system by age of seven. From seven to 18 years of age, the boys were trained in all sorts of war activities. Dancing, music, and poetry were also considered part of every Sparta citizen’s education.
Every Sparta boy’s main goal was to become a great soldier in his life. Once the training is completed, every boy needs to attend a final test where he needs to pass several difficult and painful tests. After the tests are passed, the boy can join the state militia – a reserved military force which can be called to its duty during any state emergency - and could do service up to the age of 60 years.
Those who could not pass these final tests were allowed to become Perioikos or middle class. Perioikos could do business to support their life and their family members, but the state would not treat them as its citizens and they were also not given any political rights. In a way, Perioikos were second-class citizens in their own state. Only, soldier-citizens were allowed to have political rights and were treated as citizens.
The marriage life of Sparta soldier citizens is again an interesting topic. Though the soldiers were allowed to get married, they were supposed to stay in military barracks along with their brother soldiers until they attain the retirement age of 60. After reaching the retirement age, the Sparta soldier could go to his home and stay with his family members.
Though the education system of Spartans mainly concentrates on physical fitness, military warfare activities, etc, Spartans were renowned and universally admired for their manners in public and respect for elders.
Conclusion
Spartans, who were known for their ruggedness, physical fitness, military preparedness, yet highly mannered, educated, and humble-behaved, were the citizens of Sparta city-state. Sparta city-state’s educational system was highly renowned not only for its strict disciplinary methods but also for its sophisticated teaching methods, which can transform its eligible young citizens into successful adult citizens. The education system of Sparta made its citizen-soldiers’ capable of maintaining the existing city-state’s rules and regulations besides conducting highly refined diplomatic activities with their neighbor city-states.
Education in earlier Greek city-states is quite different. The main goal is to prepare a person to become a successful citizen in all states of life. Every Greek city-state has its own goal when it comes to training of its young citizens, according to the state needs, to transform him into a successful adult citizen useful both to the city-state in terms of emergency and to the society, where he stays with his family members.
Greek City-State’s Education System
Among all the educationally, culturally sophisticated city-states including Athens, Sparta, a military city-state, maintained its numero uno status. Because of this, Sparta became the connoisseur for all other city-states in training its young citizens. Being an authoritarian, military city-state, the education goal of Sparta is mainly to concentrate on producing soldier-citizens. Unlike Sparta, Athens, which is also a contemporary Greek city-state, was a democratic state and used to encourage its citizens to train in terms of both war and arts. Education in the form of arts was given more importance in Athens and the boys were taught how to read and write besides military war craft.
Spartan’s Main Goal
Since the main goal of Spartan boys was to build a good muscular body, learn to endure pain and suffering, get skilled in warfare, and learn not to bow down in front of even great enemy military force, they used to live a life of hardships to accustom themselves to the hardships of their soldier way of life.
The Training of a Spartan
Sparta state used to choose and grade its citizens for joining in its rigorous training and educational system. The grading of the Sparta boys starts at the time of their birth. The basic eligibility is to have a good body with all the parts of the body functioning properly. The boys of Sparta were supposed to join the public education system by age of seven. From seven to 18 years of age, the boys were trained in all sorts of war activities. Dancing, music, and poetry were also considered part of every Sparta citizen’s education.
Every Sparta boy’s main goal was to become a great soldier in his life. Once the training is completed, every boy needs to attend a final test where he needs to pass several difficult and painful tests. After the tests are passed, the boy can join the state militia – a reserved military force which can be called to its duty during any state emergency - and could do service up to the age of 60 years.
Those who could not pass these final tests were allowed to become Perioikos or middle class. Perioikos could do business to support their life and their family members, but the state would not treat them as its citizens and they were also not given any political rights. In a way, Perioikos were second-class citizens in their own state. Only, soldier-citizens were allowed to have political rights and were treated as citizens.
The marriage life of Sparta soldier citizens is again an interesting topic. Though the soldiers were allowed to get married, they were supposed to stay in military barracks along with their brother soldiers until they attain the retirement age of 60. After reaching the retirement age, the Sparta soldier could go to his home and stay with his family members.
Though the education system of Spartans mainly concentrates on physical fitness, military warfare activities, etc, Spartans were renowned and universally admired for their manners in public and respect for elders.
Conclusion
Spartans, who were known for their ruggedness, physical fitness, military preparedness, yet highly mannered, educated, and humble-behaved, were the citizens of Sparta city-state. Sparta city-state’s educational system was highly renowned not only for its strict disciplinary methods but also for its sophisticated teaching methods, which can transform its eligible young citizens into successful adult citizens. The education system of Sparta made its citizen-soldiers’ capable of maintaining the existing city-state’s rules and regulations besides conducting highly refined diplomatic activities with their neighbor city-states.
The Link between Atlantis and Santorini
Atlantis
Atlantis, one of the oldest myths of mankind, was a prosperous land according to historical beliefs which disappeared and sunk into the sea without trace by the anger of gods.
Many people, reflecting our modern geographic view-point, think that the name 'Atlantis' is derived from the Atlantic Ocean. It seems both the island's and ocean's name are derived from the mythical giant Atlas. Atlas is a great mythological legend, who held the sky upon his shoulders.
Plato used the name Atlantis while detailing the classical Atlantis story in two of his dialogues, Kritias and Timaeus. Since Plato explained the whole Atlantis event (what happened to Atlantis!) in the form of a story and not as an objective report of events, it is still not clear about which location of the place Plato referred in his story as Atlantis. Since there is no guideline to be followed to identify the location of Atlantis, people all over the world have been assigned Atlantis to almost every possible place on earth.
Locating Atlantis by using its name is next to possible. Although the location has been vague in detail, there are a few clues to be found in Plato’s story that force many people including historians think that the destructive Minoan eruption on Santorini is linked with Atlantis.
Atlantis - According to Legend
According to ancient Egyptian temple records, in those days, powerful rulers of Atlantis had formed a confederation by which they controlled Atlantis and other islands as well. They began a war from their Atlantic Ocean homeland and sent fighting troops to Asia and Europe.
Atlantis people attack was halted by men of Athens, who formed a coalition from all over Greece.
But the coalition met difficulties; the allies deserted Athens. But, the Athenians fought on alone and defeated the Atlantian rulers. Not only, they stopped an invasion of their own country as well as freeing Egypt, but also brought every country under the control of the rulers of Atlantis, eventually.
At the end, the Athenians fought an aggressive war against the rulers of Atlantis and won. But the fate is not in favor of Athenians. Shortly after the Athenian victory, even before they could return home, Atlantis suffered catastrophic floods and earthquakes until it disappeared beneath the sea. All the brave men, who fought for Atlantis, were swallowed by that horror. That’s why the Egyptians were ever grateful to the Athenians.
Santorini
Santorini (technically composed of three separate islands: Thira, Thirasia and Aspronisi Thira), a spectacular sight which is completely unlike any other island in the Cyclades, is the diminutive Greek volcanic island. Its large basin-like depression resulting from the explosion makes up the bay. Santorini in its current form is a horseshoe shaped group of islands with steep towering cliffs, specked with picturesque villas and decorated with ferrous reds and sulfuric yellows. Its beaches are filled with fine black sand. Thira is the largest of the 3 islands and also the site of the original eruption.
Santorini has the most important archeological site, which is even more ancient than Santorini, called Akrotiri. This is the most significant discovery of a prehistoric settlement located in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The crucial link between Atlantis and Santorini
Is Atlantis identical with Santorini? Could Atlantis be Santorini? Like this there are so many questions from investigators which are waiting to be resolved. Many serious investigators think that Santorini could be Atlantis and the source of the above legend is actually the Minoan eruption of Santorini. There are also some fairly convincing arguments and references from Plato’s writings. But again, the vagueness in detail continues. Nobody, so far, could map correctly what Plato has described in his writings with the original landscape existing right now. Although, the existing Thera archaeological findings clearly demonstrates that there was a rich and civilized marine community whose flourishing economy was provided by intensive trade and shipping, before the Minoan eruption. Unfortunately, so far, investigators could not able to found a single human body killed by the eruption.
Conclusion
Even today, geological evidence related to 1500 BC in the form of a gigantic volcanic eruption, which caused half of the island to sink into the sea, is there for all to see. According to legends, a lost city has been said to have sunk in the Bay of Naples at that time. Everything what Plato has written can be mapped to the existing findings. But, nobody is quite sure about what was told by Plato is related to Atlantis or not. The myth remains…
Atlantis, one of the oldest myths of mankind, was a prosperous land according to historical beliefs which disappeared and sunk into the sea without trace by the anger of gods.
Many people, reflecting our modern geographic view-point, think that the name 'Atlantis' is derived from the Atlantic Ocean. It seems both the island's and ocean's name are derived from the mythical giant Atlas. Atlas is a great mythological legend, who held the sky upon his shoulders.
Plato used the name Atlantis while detailing the classical Atlantis story in two of his dialogues, Kritias and Timaeus. Since Plato explained the whole Atlantis event (what happened to Atlantis!) in the form of a story and not as an objective report of events, it is still not clear about which location of the place Plato referred in his story as Atlantis. Since there is no guideline to be followed to identify the location of Atlantis, people all over the world have been assigned Atlantis to almost every possible place on earth.
Locating Atlantis by using its name is next to possible. Although the location has been vague in detail, there are a few clues to be found in Plato’s story that force many people including historians think that the destructive Minoan eruption on Santorini is linked with Atlantis.
Atlantis - According to Legend
According to ancient Egyptian temple records, in those days, powerful rulers of Atlantis had formed a confederation by which they controlled Atlantis and other islands as well. They began a war from their Atlantic Ocean homeland and sent fighting troops to Asia and Europe.
Atlantis people attack was halted by men of Athens, who formed a coalition from all over Greece.
But the coalition met difficulties; the allies deserted Athens. But, the Athenians fought on alone and defeated the Atlantian rulers. Not only, they stopped an invasion of their own country as well as freeing Egypt, but also brought every country under the control of the rulers of Atlantis, eventually.
At the end, the Athenians fought an aggressive war against the rulers of Atlantis and won. But the fate is not in favor of Athenians. Shortly after the Athenian victory, even before they could return home, Atlantis suffered catastrophic floods and earthquakes until it disappeared beneath the sea. All the brave men, who fought for Atlantis, were swallowed by that horror. That’s why the Egyptians were ever grateful to the Athenians.
Santorini
Santorini (technically composed of three separate islands: Thira, Thirasia and Aspronisi Thira), a spectacular sight which is completely unlike any other island in the Cyclades, is the diminutive Greek volcanic island. Its large basin-like depression resulting from the explosion makes up the bay. Santorini in its current form is a horseshoe shaped group of islands with steep towering cliffs, specked with picturesque villas and decorated with ferrous reds and sulfuric yellows. Its beaches are filled with fine black sand. Thira is the largest of the 3 islands and also the site of the original eruption.
Santorini has the most important archeological site, which is even more ancient than Santorini, called Akrotiri. This is the most significant discovery of a prehistoric settlement located in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The crucial link between Atlantis and Santorini
Is Atlantis identical with Santorini? Could Atlantis be Santorini? Like this there are so many questions from investigators which are waiting to be resolved. Many serious investigators think that Santorini could be Atlantis and the source of the above legend is actually the Minoan eruption of Santorini. There are also some fairly convincing arguments and references from Plato’s writings. But again, the vagueness in detail continues. Nobody, so far, could map correctly what Plato has described in his writings with the original landscape existing right now. Although, the existing Thera archaeological findings clearly demonstrates that there was a rich and civilized marine community whose flourishing economy was provided by intensive trade and shipping, before the Minoan eruption. Unfortunately, so far, investigators could not able to found a single human body killed by the eruption.
Conclusion
Even today, geological evidence related to 1500 BC in the form of a gigantic volcanic eruption, which caused half of the island to sink into the sea, is there for all to see. According to legends, a lost city has been said to have sunk in the Bay of Naples at that time. Everything what Plato has written can be mapped to the existing findings. But, nobody is quite sure about what was told by Plato is related to Atlantis or not. The myth remains…
The Intro
Hi All...
Before I start this blog, I would like to explain you all what is my OBJECTIVE in starting this.
My Objective: To discuss about the problems related to jobs, interviews, etc, while gathering, exploring, and creating solutions for the same.
Hope you guys give practical solutions for the problems listed out here!
Thanks
Before I start this blog, I would like to explain you all what is my OBJECTIVE in starting this.
My Objective: To discuss about the problems related to jobs, interviews, etc, while gathering, exploring, and creating solutions for the same.
Hope you guys give practical solutions for the problems listed out here!
Thanks
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